In this sense, the certification program Oregon Tilth Certified Organic (OTCO), established in 1982, was the first attempt at a market incentive through labeling of organic food. VSS had to be respected in the production process and required compulsory verification of compliance through a third-party certification, guaranteed by a labeling system. Their purpose was to develop and implement environmental and social equitability standards (Voluntary Sustainability Standards-VSS), with a clear reference to the three pillars of sustainable development. These involved private companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). Nevertheless, the difficulty in jointly defining global guidelines (often due to the failures of multilateral negotiations), the ineffectiveness or absence of regulations by individual governments, and the rise in the demand for sustainability-certified products, were the driving force at birth of non-state market-driven (NSMD) governance systems. Eventually, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, signed in September 2015 by 193 UN member countries, set 17 objectives (Sustainable Development Goals-SDGs) divided into 169 targets aimed at ending poverty, safeguarding the planet, ensuring welfare. During the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, from 3 to 14 June 1992, 178 Governments voted to adopt the Agenda 21 program, the non-legally binding declaration on sustainable development, and the principles of sustainable forest management. In the same year, the Brundtland Report provided the well-known definition of sustainable development as: “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. In 1987, Barbier first schematized sustainable economic development (compared with conventional and Marxist economics) as the intersection of the biological and resource system, the economic system and the social one. In 1981, Spreckley argued that enterprises should incorporate in their performance assessment: “financial performance, social wealth creation and environmental responsibility”. These concepts were further developed during the 1972 United Nations Conference on the Environment in Stockholm, while in the “World Conservation Strategy” report by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature there was the first written reference to sustainable development in its modern acceptation. The need to address at the intergovernmental level the issue of how to achieve a stable economic growth that was at the same time environmentally sustainable dates back to the late 1960s, with the UNESCO’s “Biosphere Conference” and the “Conference on the Ecological Aspects of International Development”, both held in 1968.
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